2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde stands out as a highly functional aromatic compound. Carrying three hydroxyl groups and one aldehyde group on a benzene ring, it shows up in the chemical world with the molecular formula C7H6O4 and a molecular weight of about 154.12 g/mol. Many chemists keep 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde in mind when building more complex molecules, since its trio of hydroxyls and that reactive aldehyde both bring flexibility. I have come across this compound when working with raw materials for dye and pharmaceutical processes, and it has a reputation for being workable but requiring respect for the risks tied to aromatic aldehydes.
The structure reveals how these functional groups shape its role in reactions. The benzene ring forms the backbone, anchoring three hydroxyls on the 2, 3, and 4 positions, with the aldehyde at the 1-position. Such an arrangement leads to significant hydrogen bonding ability and a tendency to form stable complexes. The aldehyde group draws in nucleophiles, offering countless paths in organic synthesis. Its appearance as an off-white to light brown crystalline solid lines up with what I have seen in the lab, sometimes presenting as fine flakes or a dense powder. That crystalline nature arises from those rich intermolecular interactions, which give the material a melting point roughly between 186°C and 189°C.
Glancing at the specs, one finds 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde as a solid at room temperature, typically shipped in sealed containers as fine powder or dense flakes, and on rare occasions, as tiny pearls. Its density clocks in near 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter, and it does not dissolve in water as easily as some related phenolic compounds, but does mix with alcohols, acetone, or DMSO, thanks to all the hydrophilic hydroxyls. Each shipment’s certificate details purity (often above 98%), appearance, and loss on drying to monitor stability—crucial for chemical manufacturing. On occasion, I have worked with a liter-scale solution prepared from this raw material, and every time, handling practices required an eye on PPE and fume hoods, because of its irritant nature.
Every export or import uses an HS Code—typically, custom authorities will classify this under 291249 (Aldehydes with other oxygen function). Getting the code right has a direct impact on tariffs and documentation, which leads to smoother logistics. Some suppliers will try to simplify paperwork, but missing details here can cause major shipment delays. Working in regulatory roles, I always stress the importance of full compliance to ensure that both material safety data sheets and customs forms match the correct classification.
Safety takes priority with compounds in this class. 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde has earned classifications as a harmful and potentially hazardous chemical, especially as a raw material. Skin contact or inhalation may bring about irritation, redness, or headaches. Extended or improper handling, especially of dust or concentrated solutions, risks respiratory discomfort or more severe allergenic reactions. Standard practice requires gloves, goggles, and a fume hood. Spill control usually means inert absorbents and proper disposal. The chemical is not widely considered acutely toxic or carcinogenic at small amounts, unlike some other aldehydes, yet that does not mean taking shortcuts with safe storage. Storing this material in airtight containers, in a cool and dry spot, with secondary containment, reduces the risk of dust release or unexpected exposure, which aligns with laboratory and plant protocol.
Industry puts this compound to use as a raw material in several sectors. In dyes and pigments, its benzene scaffold provides a base for richly colored molecules. Synthesizing pharmaceutical intermediates or building complex polyphenols almost always benefits from materials like this, where phenolic and aldehyde chemistry intersect. I have encountered synthesis protocols that rely on this compound as a precursor for antioxidants, thanks to the strong activity from those adjacent hydroxyls. Polymer research has also trialed 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde as a cross-linking agent, exploring the rigidity and colorfastness it imparts. In academic settings, its clear functional groups let students observe oxidation, condensation, and protection reactions with classic, visible results.
Any workplace needs to keep this chemical far from strong oxidants or bases, since the aldehyde group quickly reacts and can spur unwanted byproducts or degradation. Air exposure leads to gradual discoloration and loss of potency. Keeping it under nitrogen or argon prevents unnecessary oxidation. Since it dissolves poorly in water, wastewater streams rarely show significant contamination, but local regulations may require assessment if used on an industrial scale. Waste needs specialized incineration or chemical digestion, and no batch ever goes down the drain.
Below is a unified list: Molecular formula—C7H6O4. Appearance—off-white to brown crystalline solid, available as powder, flakes, or pearls. Purity—typically not less than 98%. Density—approximately 1.5 g/cm3. Melting point—between 186°C and 189°C. Solubility—limited in water; mixable in organic solvents. HS Code—291249 or similar, based on region. Hazards—harmful, causes irritation, managed with standard PPE and proper storage.
Safer, cleaner, and more responsible chemistry relies on compounds like this—handled with care, respect, and clear documentation. Every gram should be logged, stored, and used according to chemical hygiene plans, and teams must update training to keep pace with new regulations or process hazards revealed by real-world use. Innovation brings promise, but not at the cost of workplace or supply chain safety. With the right protocols, 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde offers chemists and manufacturers a reliable resource, provided stewardship matches creativity.
